Dr. Nedim B\u0130R\u0130NC\u0130<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Balkan tarihini okurken bir tuzakla kar\u015f\u0131la\u015f\u0131rs\u0131n\u0131z: Ac\u0131lar\u0131n bir k\u0131sm\u0131 \u201ctarih\u201d olur, bir k\u0131sm\u0131 \u201cdipnot\u201d. Oysa dipnotta kalan ac\u0131, daha az ger\u00e7ek de\u011fildir; yaln\u0131zca daha az anlat\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 1877\u20131878 Osmanl\u0131\u2013Rus Sava\u015f\u0131 (93 Harbi) s\u0131ras\u0131nda ve hemen sonras\u0131nda Bulgaristan co\u011frafyas\u0131nda M\u00fcsl\u00fcman\/T\u00fcrk sivillerin ya\u015fad\u0131klar\u0131, i\u015fte bu dipnotla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f felaketlerden biridir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Bu sava\u015f \u00e7o\u011fu zaman \u201cBulgaristan\u2019\u0131n kurtulu\u015fu\u201d anlat\u0131s\u0131yla hat\u0131rlan\u0131r. Bulgar haf\u0131zas\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan bu do\u011fald\u0131r. Fakat ayn\u0131 d\u00f6nemin ba\u015fka bir y\u00fcz\u00fc daha vard\u0131r: sivillerin hedefe d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc\u011f\u00fc, k\u00f6ylerin bo\u015falt\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131, yak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131; yerinden edilmenin \u201casker\u00ee sonu\u00e7\u201d de\u011fil siyasi hedef gibi i\u015fletildi\u011fi bir s\u00fcre\u00e7. Krzysztof Popek\u2019in, Bulgar ve T\u00fcrk historiografisini kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131ran \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 tam da bu k\u0131r\u0131lmay\u0131 g\u00f6sterir: Bir tarafta \u201ckurtulu\u015f\u201d anlat\u0131s\u0131, di\u011fer tarafta \u201cmuhacirlik\u201d ve sivil trajedi merkezli haf\u0131za. Ve evet: \u0130kisi ayn\u0131 tarih diliminin iki farkl\u0131 ger\u00e7e\u011fidir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u015eiddetin co\u011frafyas\u0131: Filibe\u2019den Deliorman\u2019a uzanan \u00e7izgi<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Filibe, T\u0131rnova, Pazarc\u0131k hatt\u0131 ile Deliorman, Dobruca, Eski Za\u011fra, K\u0131zanl\u0131k, \u015e\u0131pka \u00e7evresi; rastgele se\u00e7ilmi\u015f yer adlar\u0131 de\u011fil. Bunlar, sava\u015f\u0131n ilerleyi\u015fiyle birlikte korkunun yay\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00fczerg\u00e2hlar\u00d6zellikle 1878\u2019e yakla\u015f\u0131rken b\u00f6lgede M\u00fcsl\u00fcman sivillere d\u00f6n\u00fck sald\u0131r\u0131larla ilgili \u0130ngiliz raporlar\u0131na dayand\u0131r\u0131lan anlat\u0131lar da var: baz\u0131 k\u00f6ylerin yak\u0131lmas\u0131, toplu \u00f6ld\u00fcrmeler, ka\u00e7\u0131rmalar ve benzeri olaylar \u201csava\u015f\u0131n yan \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc\u201d gibi de\u011fil, bir t\u00fcr \u201calan temizli\u011fi\u201d gibi g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcr.
Bu t\u00fcr kaynak at\u0131flar\u0131 \u00f6nemli; \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc mesele, sadece \u201cbiz b\u00f6yle biliyoruz\u201d de\u011fil, d\u00f6nemin d\u0131\u015f g\u00f6zlemlerinin de bir \u015fiddet tablosuna i\u015faret ediyor olmas\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
K\u0131zanl\u0131k ve \u00e7evresi \u00f6zelinde ise do\u011frudan \u201c\u0130ngiliz belgeleri\u201d \u00fczerinden okuma yapan \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar bulunuyor; \u00f6rne\u011fin Britanya konsolos raporlar\u0131n\u0131 merkeze alan incelemeler, yerel olaylar\u0131n ayr\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 tart\u0131\u015fmaya a\u00e7\u0131yor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Fail meselesi: \u201c\u00c7ete\u201d de\u011fil, hibrit bir g\u00fc\u00e7<\/p>\n\n\n\n
K\u00f6\u015fe yaz\u0131lar\u0131nda s\u0131k yap\u0131lan hata \u015fudur: Her \u015feyi \u201c\u00e7eteler yapt\u0131\u201d diye \u00f6zetleyip devlet\/ordu boyutunu flu b\u0131rakmak. Oysa 93 Harbi\u2019nin sivil y\u00fcz\u00fcnde \u015fiddet \u00e7o\u011fu zaman hibrit i\u015fler:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
D\u00fczenli ordu ve i\u015fgal idaresi (Rus \u0130mparatorluk Ordusu\u2019nun varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve asker\u00ee disiplin\/cezas\u0131zl\u0131k alan\u0131)<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Yerel g\u00f6n\u00fcll\u00fc birlikler\/milis unsurlar\u0131 (opal\u00e7enler gibi)<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u0130ntikam ve panik psikolojisiyle hareket eden yerel akt\u00f6rler<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Popek\u2019in metni, \u201cplanl\u0131 olmasa bile\u201d Rusya\u2019n\u0131n sahadaki asker\u00ee g\u00fc\u00e7 olarak sorumlulu\u011funa a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a i\u015faret eder: Kontrol etti\u011fi co\u011frafyada sivillere y\u00f6nelen b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7ekli \u00f6ld\u00fcrme ve yerinden etmeler \u201ckontrol d\u0131\u015f\u0131\u201d denilerek aklanamaz.
Bu vurgu, yaz\u0131n\u0131n omurgas\u0131 i\u00e7in de\u011ferli: \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc tart\u0131\u015fma, \u201ckim daha ac\u0131 \u00e7ekti\u201d yar\u0131\u015f\u0131na de\u011fil, cezas\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n ve g\u00fc\u00e7 bo\u015flu\u011funun sivili nas\u0131l ezdi\u011fine ba\u011flanabilir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Y\u00f6ntem: Yakma\u2013bo\u015faltma, korku, g\u00f6\u00e7 yolu ve k\u0131\u015f<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Senin notlar\u0131nda ge\u00e7en \u201cT\u00fcrk k\u00f6yleri toplu halde yak\u0131ld\u0131 \/ kad\u0131n-\u00e7ocuk-ya\u015fl\u0131 ayr\u0131m\u0131 yap\u0131lmad\u0131 \/ k\u0131\u015f \u015fartlar\u0131nda kitlesel g\u00f6\u00e7\u201d \u00fc\u00e7lemesi tesad\u00fcf de\u011fil; bu \u00fc\u00e7 y\u00f6ntem birlikte \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131nda ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan \u015fey \u015fudur:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
K\u00f6y\u00fcn yak\u0131lmas\u0131 \u2192 geri d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f ihtimalini azalt\u0131r<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Sivile \u015fiddet \u2192 korkuyu b\u00fcy\u00fct\u00fcr, g\u00f6\u00e7\u00fc h\u0131zland\u0131r\u0131r<\/p>\n\n\n\n
G\u00f6\u00e7 yolunda k\u0131\u015f, hastal\u0131k, a\u00e7l\u0131k \u2192 \u00f6l\u00fcm say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 katlar<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Bu y\u00fczden 93 Harbi\u2019nin bilan\u00e7osu tart\u0131\u015f\u0131l\u0131rken yaln\u0131z \u201ckatliam\u201d de\u011fil, muhacirlik \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc de konu\u015fulur: yani yolda, kampta, k\u0131tl\u0131kta \u00f6lenler.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Say\u0131lar: Tek bir rakama yaslanmadan do\u011fru konu\u015fmak<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Burada d\u00fcr\u00fcst ve g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir \u00e7er\u00e7eve kurmak \u015fart: Rakamlar politikle\u015fir; ama bu, felaketi ink\u00e2r gerek\u00e7esi olamaz.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Justin McCarthy\u2019nin \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131, 1877\u201378 sava\u015f\u0131nda Bulgaristan M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7ok b\u00fcy\u00fck kay\u0131plar verdi\u011fini; hem kitlesel ka\u00e7\u0131\u015f hem de \u00e7ok y\u00fcksek \u00f6l\u00fcm ya\u015fand\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ileri s\u00fcrer (\u00f6r. bir \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131nda 515 bin civar\u0131 ka\u00e7\u0131\u015f ve 288 bin \u00f6l\u00fcm gibi rakamlar verir).
Fakat McCarthy\u2019nin yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131 akademide sert ele\u015ftirilere de konu olmu\u015ftur; y\u00f6ntem ve yorumlar\u0131n\u0131n \u201ctarafl\u0131\u201d bulundu\u011fu tart\u0131\u015fmalar vard\u0131r.
Bu ikisini ayn\u0131 anda s\u00f6ylemek, k\u00f6\u015fe yaz\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7lendirir: \u201cBu rakamlar tart\u0131\u015fmal\u0131 olabilir; ama tart\u0131\u015fmas\u0131z olan, sivil M\u00fcsl\u00fcman n\u00fcfusun kitlesel \u015fiddet ve zorunlu g\u00f6\u00e7le da\u011f\u0131t\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131d\u0131r.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Ayr\u0131ca Osmanl\u0131 demografisi ve g\u00f6\u00e7leri \u00fczerine \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan Kemal H. Karpat gibi isimlerin, 1877\/78 ve sonras\u0131nda Balkanlardan Osmanl\u0131 topraklar\u0131na b\u00fcy\u00fck M\u00fcsl\u00fcman m\u00fclteci ak\u0131n\u0131n\u0131 vurgulamas\u0131 da ba\u011flam\u0131 sa\u011flamla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131r: burada bir \u201cg\u00f6\u00e7 dalgas\u0131\u201d de\u011fil, imparatorlu\u011fu demografik olarak sarsan bir yer de\u011fi\u015ftirme depremi vard\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u201cSoyk\u0131r\u0131m\u201d kavgas\u0131 ve k\u00f6\u015fe yaz\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n ak\u0131ll\u0131 yolu<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Senin metninde ge\u00e7en ifade (\u201cT\u00fcrk tarih\u00e7ili\u011finde 93 Harbi T\u00fcrk Soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131\u201d) toplumsal haf\u0131zada kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 olan bir adland\u0131rma. Fakat k\u00f6\u015fe yaz\u0131s\u0131nda etkili olan, kavram\u0131 slogan gibi atmak de\u011fil, okura \u015fu soruyu sordurmakt\u0131r:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
K\u00f6y yakma ve geri d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fc imk\u00e2ns\u0131zla\u015ft\u0131rma var m\u0131?<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Sivillerin hedef olmas\u0131 s\u00fcreklilik arz ediyor mu?<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Zorla din de\u011fi\u015ftirme\/tecav\u00fcz gibi y\u00f6ntemlerle toplulu\u011fun dokusu par\u00e7alan\u0131yor mu?<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Sonu\u00e7ta n\u00fcfus yap\u0131s\u0131 kal\u0131c\u0131 bi\u00e7imde de\u011fi\u015fiyor mu?<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Bu sorular\u0131n yan\u0131t\u0131 \u201cevet\u201de yakla\u015ft\u0131k\u00e7a, \u201cetnik temizlik\u201d kavram\u0131 daha az tart\u0131\u015fmal\u0131 bir zeminde oturur. Nitekim 1877\u201378 ba\u011flam\u0131nda \u201catrocities and ethnic cleansing\u201d gibi \u00e7er\u00e7eveler, farkl\u0131 kaynaklarda da tart\u0131\u015f\u0131l\u0131r.
K\u00f6\u015fe yaz\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n hedefi mahkeme h\u00fckm\u00fc vermek de\u011fil; g\u00f6r\u00fcnmez b\u0131rak\u0131lm\u0131\u015f sivil trajediyi g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcr k\u0131lmak olmal\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
B\u00fcy\u00fck resim: Balkan ulus-devletle\u015fmesi ve \u201cistenmeyen n\u00fcfus\u201d sorunu<\/p>\n\n\n\n
93 Harbi\u2019ni yaln\u0131z bir sava\u015f diye okumak eksik kal\u0131r. Bu d\u00f6nem, Balkanlar\u2019da ulus-devletle\u015fmenin h\u0131zland\u0131\u011f\u0131; \u201ckim bu topra\u011f\u0131n asli unsuru\u201d sorusunun, \u00e7o\u011fu yerde silahla cevapland\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir \u00e7a\u011f\u0131n e\u015fi\u011fidir. M\u00fcsl\u00fcman\/T\u00fcrk n\u00fcfus, baz\u0131 b\u00f6lgelerde \u201cyeni d\u00fczenin istemedi\u011fi\u201d kitleye d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. Bu noktada \u015fiddet, sadece \u00f6fke de\u011fil, siyasetin arac\u0131 h\u00e2line gelir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Bu y\u00fczden bug\u00fcn Filibe, Deliorman, Dobruca, Eski Za\u011fra, K\u0131zanl\u0131k, \u015e\u0131pka diye s\u0131ralad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z yerler; birer harita noktas\u0131 de\u011fil, bir haf\u0131za \u00e7izgisidir. Ve o \u00e7izgi bize \u015funu s\u00f6yler: Bir toplumun ac\u0131s\u0131 yeterince anlat\u0131lmad\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, ba\u015fkalar\u0131n\u0131n ac\u0131s\u0131yla rekabete sokuldu\u011funda, tarih iyile\u015ftirmez; yaray\u0131 derinle\u015ftirir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Bug\u00fcne kalan ders<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Bu mesele \u201cge\u00e7mi\u015fe tak\u0131l\u0131 kalmak\u201d de\u011fildir. Tam tersine: Cezas\u0131zl\u0131k k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcyle y\u00fczle\u015fmektir. Sivilin korunmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 her sava\u015f anlat\u0131s\u0131, gelecekte sivili daha kolay hedef yapan bir me\u015fruiyet \u00fcretir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Bug\u00fcn yap\u0131lmas\u0131 gereken, iki basit ama zor \u015feyi ayn\u0131 anda ba\u015farabilmek:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Bulgarlar\u0131n 1876 ve 1877\u2019de ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ac\u0131lar\u0131 ink\u00e2r etmeden\u2026<\/p>\n\n\n\n
1877\u201378\u2019de M\u00fcsl\u00fcman\/T\u00fcrk sivillerin u\u011frad\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u015fiddeti de \u201cdipnot\u201d olmaktan \u00e7\u0131kararak\u2026<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc ger\u00e7ek bar\u0131\u015f, tek tarafl\u0131 haf\u0131zayla kurulmaz. Haf\u0131za adil olmazsa, gelecek de adil olmaz.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Dr. Nedim B\u0130R\u0130NC\u0130 Balkan tarihini okurken bir tuzakla kar\u015f\u0131la\u015f\u0131rs\u0131n\u0131z: Ac\u0131lar\u0131n bir k\u0131sm\u0131 \u201ctarih\u201d olur, bir k\u0131sm\u0131 \u201cdipnot\u201d. Oysa dipnotta kalan ac\u0131, daha az ger\u00e7ek de\u011fildir; yaln\u0131zca daha az anlat\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 1877\u20131878 Osmanl\u0131\u2013Rus Sava\u015f\u0131 (93 Harbi) s\u0131ras\u0131nda<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":893,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"advanced_seo_description":"","jetpack_seo_html_title":"","jetpack_seo_noindex":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":false,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","default_image_id":0,"font":"","enabled":false},"version":2}},"categories":[15],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-9861","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-yazilar"],"jetpack_publicize_connections":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/bulturk.org.tr\/v2\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/02\/nedim-b.jpg?fit=198%2C230&ssl=1","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_likes_enabled":true,"jetpack-related-posts":[],"jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/pc3fMN-2z3","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/bulturk.org.tr\/v2\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/9861","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/bulturk.org.tr\/v2\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/bulturk.org.tr\/v2\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bulturk.org.tr\/v2\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/4"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bulturk.org.tr\/v2\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=9861"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/bulturk.org.tr\/v2\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/9861\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bulturk.org.tr\/v2\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/893"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/bulturk.org.tr\/v2\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=9861"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bulturk.org.tr\/v2\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=9861"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bulturk.org.tr\/v2\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=9861"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}